EXAM REVIEW ANSWERS

Chapter 6

Madison wanted tariffs. Hamilton wanted tariffs and the ability to borrow money. Other countries would want to see the United States succeed under Hamilton’s ideas.
The power to create the bank was not a listed power (enumerated power) of the government in the Constitution. Hamilton argued it was an implied power. Creation of the bank expanded power of the government.
Signed the national bank bill into law therefore extending the implied power to the government. Only served two terms. Use federal troops to break up rebellions.
Sectionalism. Not being too attached to a foreign country. Political parties.
Wanted a strong national government with lots of implied powers. Supported manufacturers and industrialism. Wanted to limit voting rights to property owners. (Not totally Democratic.)
Wanted a weak federal government and a strong state government. The strength of the nation was in its small, independent land owning farmers. The idea that democracy is based upon everyone owning a small farm.
The Supreme Court was given the right of judicial review – to say a law is unconstitutional.
President Jefferson bought the Louisiana Purchase from France of 15 million dollars in 1803. It doubled the size of the nation.
Impressment – kidnapping Americans off of boats to join the British Navy. Blockade of trade with France. (Britain and France were in the Napoleonic Wars.) We thought they were trying to get the Native Americans to attack us. (Tecumseh fled to Canada after loosing battles with America.)
No new territory, but the United States gained national respect.

Chapter 7

One political party (Democratic Republican) = political harmony. Just won the War of 1812, the Americans were extremely patriotic and nationalistic.
National/Federal government was stronger than the state government.
Andrew Jackson invaded Florida to attack the Seminoles, who were attacking the United States, and went ahead and took over two major Florida cities. This led to the Adams-Onis Treaty, in which Spain gave Florida to the United States.
Quadruple Alliance wanted to help Spain regain control of its Spanish American colonies. Prohibited other nations from colonizing in the United States. Countries that had colonies could keep them.
Canals, National Road, steamboat, train (“Iron horse”)
Interchangeable parts, factories.
Agricultural – Cotton. Virginia and the Carolinas grew Tobacco.
Made it more profitable to grow cotton because you could take the seeds out very easily, so they needed more manual labor to pick the cotton. Manual labor soon became slavery.
Gentry Yeomen Rural Poor Slaves
Missouri entry as a slave state into the country would upset the balance in the Senate. Maine would come in as a free state to keep the balance. The Missouri Compromise stated that no slavery in the future above the Missouri Compromise line, which was the southern border of Missouri.
A tight election between Adams, Jackson, and Clay. It went to the House of Representatives to decide. Adams won because of the corrupt bargain with Clay. Clay gave him the election and in return Adams gave Clay a spot on his cabinet. Jackson, angry, splits the Republican Party and goes Democrat. The rest of the Republicans are now Whigs.
The first mudslinging campaign. Jackson wins because he portrays himself as the common man and says Adams is out of touch with society.

Chapter 8

Became much more Democratic. More people voted and took part in government.
The idea that supporters of the winning party get most of the government jobs. Jackson supported it saying that it allowed more people to serve in the government and made the United States more democratic.
South Carolina threatened to nullify a federal tariff. Jackson sent a warship to force them to accept the tariff, but Clay made a compromise. Both sides declared victory, and the nullification crisis was undecided.
Hated Indians because he fought against them in the Southeast. Wanted to move them to the Great Plains and so he signed the Indian Removal Act to do so.
Suffered through economic crisis and is blamed for the Trail of Tears, both of which Jackson began. Van Buren goes down as being a very unsuccessful president all thanks to Jackson.
Hatred towards foreigners. It started when the Irish started moving to the United States in the 1800s. Americans hated the Irish because they started taking American’s jobs and because they were primarily Catholic whereas Americans were primarily Protestant.
Irish were escaping the Potato famine and the Germans were escaping war and trying to gain religious freedom.
Revivalism – Second Great Awakening, Temperance – stop the sale of Alcohol. Temperance groups preached the evils of alcohol and wanted prison and education reform.
Very few if they were married. Women’s right to vote.
Gradualism, gradually easing the south off of using slaves – took too long. Colonization, moving slaves back to Africa and putting them in a colony – too expensive.
Called for immediate end to slavery and there is no payment to the slave owners. Some Northerners thought it was a dangerous threat to the existing social system, and they didn’t want the price of cotton to go up.
The Southerners said that it benefited the nation. They also said the slaves enjoyed the close relationship with their master and had no desire for freedom.

Chapter 9

To escape religious persecution. They moved into Utah.
Gold, cheap land and for the hope of buying their own farm, religious freedom, and to escape jail.
People thought you could not farm the Great Plains.
God had given the continent to Americans and wanted them to settle the west.
Indians thought they were trying to take their land, and they disrupted the buffalo herds.
Afraid of being attacked by the Native Americans that lived their.
Mexican government wanted to have people settle in the northern part of present-day Texas. The people who moved there had to become Catholic, except Mexican laws, and try to become a Mexican citizen.
Texas would be admitted as a slave state, and that would upset the balance in the Senate. Admitting Texas might also cause a war with Mexico.
Admit Oregon and Texas and buy California from Mexico.
Territorial and border disputes and Texas being admitted into the United States.
Mexico gave the United States California, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming for 15 million dollars. The Rio Grande became the new border between the United States and Mexico. The United States also paid 3.25 million in debt for Mexico.

Chapter 10

Gold rush.
It would upset the balance between free and slave states in the Senate.
Showed the North how terrible slavery really was and made the Northerners would didn’t care much about slavery want to get rid of it as soon as possible.
They had to assist in capturing runaway slaves or they could be jailed, many thought it was morally wrong.
The Transcontinental Railroad was a railroad that would go all the way across the country. It was controversial because the North and the South wanted its major beginning hub in their part of the country.
Stephen Douglass proposed it. Settle the land so that the railroad could go through. Nebraska would enter as a free state, and Kansas would enter under popular sovereignty. This was getting rid of the Missouri Compromise, because Kansas is above the line.
Split the political parties apart.
Not allowing slavery in the territories.
The slave could not sue because he was not a citizen, because Taney added the opinion that the Missouri Line was unconstitutional.
Lincoln and the Republican Party had been nationally recognized, even though Lincoln lost to Douglas.
It was an attack on slavery.
They seceded.

Chapter 11

Population, more manufacturing, more food production, more railroads
Fighting on own land, greater tradition of military service.
Anaconda Plan- to cut the South off from supplies and let them starve and run out of money (some criticized it as being to slow).
It showed both sides it was going to be a long and bloody war. South won, Union lost this battle.
West- take control of major rivers and RR hubs.

East- capture Lee’s army and Richmond

Bloodiest day in American history, Union won strategic victory, South not recognized by Britain, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation right after victory.
Union victory. Turning point in war. Cut the Confederacy in two.
Union victory. Turning point victory in way. 1/3 of Lee’s army gone. No recognition from Britain for South. Lee can only be on defensive afterwards.
He constantly attacked Lee’s army despite suffering heavy casualties. Finally wore Lee out.
More soldiers fought, more accurate guns, better cannons, trench warfare.
Miserable, dirty, boring most of the time, no food.
Disease.

Chapter 12

To reconcile, not punish South. Could enter Union when 10% of white men took oath of loyalty. Had to adopt 13^th amendment in new state constitution.
Keep Confederate leaders out of control, make Republican Party major force in South, protect voting rights of all black voters.
Major accomplishment was to educate African Americans.
It was much like Lincoln’s, but Confederate leaders had to get an individual pardon rather than general amnesty. South took advantage by electing former Confederates to Congress and enacting black codes.
Because South took advantage of Johnson’s plan, they wanted to punish the South. They had a 3 to 1 majority in Congress b/c of 1866 elections and could override Johnson’s veto. South divided into 5 military districts, states already admitted had to be re-admitted with a new state constitution, no Confed leaders could be elected.
He tried to fire Secretary of War Stanton (who was a Radical Rep). He was not convicted b/c several Repubs said it was not a good precedent to get rid of a president b/c of political differences.
Own communities, universities, voting rights, served in public office. After army left and Reconstruction ended they lost rights.
They lost voting rights and segregation started. Whites used debt peonage to keep blacks as servants on farms.
To keep blacks and poor whites from voting. Intimidation. Passed the KKK Act.
President should only enforce laws. Made him ineffective in dealing with issues other than Reconstruction. Presidency was marked by corruption and scandal even though Grant was not involved.
Use racism to appeal to poor white voters.
Compromise of 1877.
Industrialized. Northern capitalists would supply capital. No, only 6% of whites worked in manufacturing jobs.

Chapter 13

What led to the end of the open range system?
1. Barbed wire, farmers settled plains, prices for beef dropped, harsh winters killed many cattle.
Where are the Great Plains? What was the Great Plains known as to early explorers of the area?
1. Largeland area from West TX up to Dakotas and over to Rocky Mtns.
2. Known as “Great American Desert”
What was the main crop of many of the plains settlers?
1. Wheat- Wheat Belt
What new technology was developed to help farmers? What was its impact?
1. Mechanical reapes, threshers, seed drills, reapers. Steel plow
2. Made farming more profitable
What was the last area of land opened to settlers?
1. Oklahoma
What led to the increase in demand for cattle from Texas (West)?
1. All Eastern cattle slaughtered during Civil War to feed armies
Why did ranches have long drives? What ended them?
1. More profitable to move cattle to RR head.
2. Barbed wire
Who was Henry Comstock and what did he do? Results?
1. Prospector who discovered iron ore in Nevada.
2. Virginia City became a boom town, but later busted.
What was the Homestead Act? What was its purpose?
1. Law that gave settlers on Plains 160 aces for a $10 filing fee if they could live and work land for 5 yrs.
2. To settle the Great Plains.
What was life like for farmers on Great Plains? What was their main crop?
1. Extremely hard. Good soil hard to get to. No building supplies. Harsh winters and summers. Grasshoppers and locusts a problem.
2. Wheat.
What was the Dawes Act? Purpose? Results?
1. Law that divided Indian reservation land into individual farms for families of Nat Ams.
2. Encourage Nat Ams to assimilate.
3. Failure

Chapter 16

What president enacted the Pendleton Act? What event had just happened that led to his signing this bill?
1. Arthur.
2. Garfield just assassinated
Why were very few presidents able to pass effective legislation during the time period of the chapter?
1. Parties were very even. Hard to pass any legislation.
What was the main issue for farmers in the late 1800’s?
1. Money supply. They needed high inflation.
Who did the Populist Party support in the 1896 Presidential election? What position did he take on the nation’s money supply?
1. WJ Bryan
2. Unlimited silver coinage
What was life like for most African Americans in the late 1800’s? What did they do (2 things) to change this situation?
1. They were poor. Most sharecroppers.
2. Leave (Exodusters) or join farming alliances.
What coalition did powerful Southern Democrats fear in the late 1800’s? What party did this coalition support?
1. Coaloition of Af Am farmers and poor whites
2. Populist party
List 2 ways that Southern Democrats kept African Americans from voting.
1. Poll tax and literacy tests
What was the significance of Plessy vs. Ferguson?
1. Established separate but equal doctrine that allowed for segregation

Word answers